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国际空间站掉下来的垃圾,把人家房子砸了个窟窿?!_我的网站

丘比特的圈套

一 |     

美国东部时间3月8日的下午,美国佛罗里达州的居民亚历杭德罗·博特罗(Alejandro Otero)正在外旅游,而他独自在家的儿子打来的一通电话,让他不得不提前终止了这次旅行。    BANGKOK -- The first group of Thai workers evacuated from Israel after the past few days’ bloody events in southern Israel and Gaza arrived Thursday in the Thai capital of Bangkok, greeted by anxious relatives and senior officials.Hamas militants stormed through a border fence Saturday and killed hundreds of Israelis in their homes, on the streets and at an outdoor music festival. The Israelis have responded with punishing airstrikes and preparations for a possible ground invasion. The conflict has claimed at least 2,600 lives on both sides, including some Southeast Asian workers living in Israel.The 41 Thais who returned home on a commercial flight of the Israeli airline El Al included two men wounded in the violence who had to use wheelchairs to exit the aircraft.Farm laborers from Thailand seek work in more developed countries where there is a shortage of semi-skilled labor — at wages considerably higher than they can earn at home.Tens of thousands of workers in Israel from nations including Thailand and the Philippines send their earnings home to support their families. That money also helps to fire up their native countries’ economies.But the appearance of Thais and Filipinos on the lists of dead, wounded and missing in the past few days is a reminder that foreign workers toil in peril of their lives.About 30,000 Thais are working in Israel, according to the Thai Foreign Ministry, and about 5,000 of them live in the southern area near the border with Gaza.One of them, Katchakorn Pudtason, said his employer at the farm where he worked initially herded all his workers into a bunker when Saturday's attacks took place, but after they left it for lunch they could still hear shooting. As they were being driven back to their workplace, Katchakorn heard more gunshots and felt something hit his knee, he said.“I thought it was a rock but it went through. So I hit the truck and told the driver to drive away,” he said. He added that he was one of four people in the vehicle who suffered injuries that day. He was one of the two returnees who had to use a wheelchair.Thailand's Cabinet ministers for labor, defense and foreign affairs were at Bangkok's international airport for the evacuees' arrival. The government has vowed to look after the evacuees' physical and mental well-being.Foreign Minister Parnpree Bahiddha-Nukara said 5,990 Thais have registered to be evacuated and officials are working around the clock to accommodate them.“We need a Plan B to take out as many people as possible,” said Defense Minister Suthin Klangsaeng. “We will use military aircraft to evacuate people from the high-risk area to a third country, such as (the United Arab Emirates).”The number of Thais affected by the tragedy stood out in lists of non-Israeli nationals affected by the violence: Thailand’s foreign ministry Thursday said 21 Thais are believed dead and 14 wounded. Sixteen were believed to have been taken hostage.Survivor Chatree Chasri left his home in northeastern Thailand in 2019 to work in Israel as an agricultural laborer to pay off debts and provide for his wife and two children back home in Nakhon Phanom. Foreign work is a common path for Thais from the country’s economically disadvantaged rural areas, especially the northeast.Working under a government-to-government agreement, the 38-year-old has been farming tomatoes and cauliflower for the past four years in the southern Israeli town of Mivtahim, less than 10 kilometers (6 miles) away from Israel’s border with Gaza.Despite the occasional shelling and rocket attacks that sent him running for cover, his life at the farm had been OK until Saturday, he said from Israel in a phone interview with The Associated Press. Now he says he wants to come home, and never go back to Israel.Chatree was shot several times in his hip shortly after Hamas launched its rocket attacks and shock ground offensive into southern Israel, killing hundreds of people and capturing more than 100 who were hauled back to Gaza as hostages.Chatree was using a toilet at the farm where he works with other foreign laborers when he suddenly heard gunshots.“The sounds came closer and bullets went through the wall of the toilet,” he said, recalling the moment he was hit. He then saw two gunmen making their way into the workers' living quarters and open fire, so the workers fled outside to hide.Vibhavadi Vannachai, a Thai expatriate who has lived in Israel for nearly two decades and is coordinating with Israeli authorities to help the Thai workers, fears the number of victims may rise.Vibhavadi, originally from Nong Bua Lamphu province in Thailand’s northeast, works as an interpreter in a legal office whose cases mostly involve resolving disputes between Thai workers and their employers.She said abuse and violations of their rights are common, with many bound by years-long contracts but cheated of their wages. Many are forced to work long hours and are beaten if they refuse. Some have to live in “quarters that are not fit for human beings,” she said.Vibhavadi helped find temporary accommodations for Chatree and Padoong Bootmo, a 26-year-old Thai worker shot on Saturday who said the potato and yam farm where he works in Yesha was raided twice by gunmen and then burned down. Padoong said in a phone interview he had been able to send 40,000 baht ($1,100) home each month. He might under the best of circumstances make less than half that doing the same job in Thailand, but he said he doesn’t want to stay in Israel anymore.The killing of at least two Filipino foreign workers underscored the threats also faced by those workers in Israel. About 30,000 Filipinos live and work in the country many as caregivers who look after the elderly, the ill and those with physical disabilities, according to the Philippines' foreign ministry. The huge income they send back home, which last year amounted to an all-time high of $36.14 billion, has helped keep the country’s fragile economy afloat.One of the two Filipinos killed Saturday was a caregiver who was shot with her employer inside their house by Hamas gunmen, according to the Philippines Embassy in Israel. The other was killed under still-unclear circumstances.At least three Filipinos remain missing, embassy officials have said.Still, Foreign Undersecretary Eduardo de Vega said Wednesday that no Filipino has asked to be repatriated from Israel. Jeremiah Supan, a 34-year-old Filipino caregiver in Israel, told The Associated Press in a telephone interview Wednesday that he made it clear to Philippines officials he did not want to return home. As the family breadwinner, he sends his earnings home to enable his 10-year-old son to remain in school and sustain other loved ones."The rocket firings continue” Supan said. “But if I leave, all that assistance that I send to my family back home will be lost.”___Gomez reported from Manila. Associated Press writer Grant Peck contributed.。当天下午2:34,一个从天而降的不明物体,突然砸中了他们位于那不勒斯市的房子。该物体击穿屋顶,穿过了两层楼,砸入了地板里。

二 | “当时发出了十分巨大的声音,(这个物体)差点就砸到我儿子了。

三 | ”博特罗在接受当地媒体WINK News的采访时说道。

四 |

对房子的损坏
图源:WINK News接到儿子电话后,博特罗的第一反应是陨石砸中了自己的房子。但当他回到家,将这个物体从地板下取出来后,他发现这个 “天外来物”更有可能是人造的。“从顶部形状可以看出来,它最初应该是圆柱形的物体,在穿过大气层时,顶部金属在燃烧中融化。” 博特罗说。
该“天外来物”样貌
图源:WINK News
此次“高空抛物”,最大的嫌疑来自地球上空约400千米的国际空间站(International Space Station)

五 |

国际空间站
图源:NASA空间站丢的故事可能得从2018年10月的某天讲起。那天,美国航空航天局(NASA)宇航员尼克·黑格(Nick Hague)和俄罗斯宇航员阿列克谢·奥夫奇宁(Aleksey Ovchinin)本该在哈萨克斯坦乘着俄罗斯“联盟号”(Soyuz)运载火箭启程,前往国际空间站。

六 | 然而,火箭在起飞不久后,助推器失灵,没能成功进入轨道,两位宇航员只能返回地面,没有按计划到达国际空间站。黑格此次前往国际空间站的任务之一是帮助空间站升级电力系统。他会到空间站外进行太空行走,帮助换掉原来的镍氢电池,并安装新的锂离子电池。可惜黑格并没有按时到达空间站。但问题是,第一批锂离子电池已经由日本的HTV货运飞船运送至了国际空间站。原本的计划是,被这一批锂离子电池替换的旧镍氢电池,用同一艘HTV货运飞船带走。但由于黑格没能登上空间站,NASA只好暂时取消此次换电池的太空行走任务,将锂离子电池留在空间站,等待下一个能执行该任务的宇航员到来。这艘HTV货运飞船也只能直接离开,并未带上镍氢电池。由于每艘飞船的载货量都是固定的,所以HTV货运飞船没办法一次性带走两倍数量的旧电池。于是,随后每一次HTV货运飞船运来新一批的锂离子电池,都会带走上一批替换下来的旧镍氢电池,直到2020年最后一艘HTV货运飞船离开国际空间站。但这时,空间站上还剩下最后一批镍氢电池没有带走这个装有九块旧镍氢电池的货物托盘,编号为EP9,总重量相当于一辆大型SUV。

最后一艘HTV运载飞船载着镍氢电池离开空间站
图源:NASA
后来,日本开始改用新的运载飞船,所以不再会有HTV运载飞船来到国际空间站了。而其它运载飞船的设计,比如SpaceX的龙飞船(Dragon),没有办法装下EP9将其运走。换句话说,只有HTV货运飞船,才能运走EP9,但HTV已经不会再来了国际空间站的每寸空间都很宝贵,EP9这样的大物件,自然不能一直留在空间站上。于是NASA做了一个决定,它们计划直接丢掉EP9——这也是国际空间站丢弃过的最大太空垃圾(space debris)。2021年3月11日,当国际空间站运行至中美洲以西太平洋上空约418千米处时, NASA的地面控制人员操控国际空间站上的机械臂,将EP9从空间站上释放,丢入了太空当时NASA表示,EP9将会绕地球漂浮2至3年,然后坠入大气层,并在其中完全燃烧。空间站丢弃EP9
图源:NASA
大约三年后,在今年的3月8日,EP9终于完成了它在太空的旅程,在墨西哥湾的上空一头扎进地球大气层,开始剧烈燃烧。欧洲空间局(ESA)的“太空垃圾和独立安全办公室”(Space Debris and Independent Safety Offices)密切跟踪着EP9随后的动态。ESA表示:“电池的总质量估计为2.6吨,其中大部分可能在重返大气层期间燃烧殆尽。虽然有些部分可能会落到地面上,但伤亡风险(人员被击中的可能性)非常低。”而最后的结果大家已经知道了,EP9其中一块碎片并没有在重返大气层的过程中完全被烧,也并没有直接落入墨西哥湾,而是落向了旁边的佛罗里达,最终击中了亚历杭德罗·博特罗的房子。为了确认击中博特罗房子的物体就是EP9的碎片,NASA与博特罗取得了联系,将该物体送到了NASA位于佛罗里达州的肯尼迪航天中心。通过分析该物体的尺寸、特征和材料,并将其与EP9上的硬件相对比,NASA最终确定,该物体是EP9上的一根支柱,用于将电池固定在货物托盘上,由铬镍铁合金制成,重 0.7kg,10cm,直径 4cm。
该物体与完好支柱对比
图源:NASA
太空里全是垃圾
被国际空间站扔入太空的EP9,只是众多太空垃圾的一个。人类越来越频繁的太空活动,也让太空垃圾越来越多。根据ESA的数据,截至2023年10月6日,人类已经成功向太空发射了约6500枚火箭,在地球轨道上放置了约16990颗卫星,尚在工作的有9000颗。

七 | 而停止工作的卫星、火箭推进器、航天器和空间站丢弃的物件……充满了地球上空的轨道,成为了太空垃圾。目前,仅美国“空间监视网”(Space Surveillance Network,SSN)定期跟踪的太空垃圾数量就约为35150,而实际太空垃圾数量只会更多

截至2016,太空垃圾的增长
图源:ESA
这些太空垃圾的积累让地球上空变得越来越拥挤,为以后和当下的太空任务造成了很多困扰。国际空间站就曾多次为避开太空垃圾,而调整轨道。

八 | 至于太空垃圾对地面的影响。ESA表示,大约每一周就会有一个较大的空间物体通过大气层冲入地球,不过大部分碎片在到达地面之前就已经完全燃烧了。大多数航天器、运载火箭和运行硬件的设计都是为了尽量让其在大气层中完全燃烧,从而降低相关风险。

九 | 但此次EP9事件告诉我们,太空垃圾也可能会威胁地面。事实上,这已经不是第一次太空垃圾砸向地面,并威胁人身安全的事件了。据《纽约时报》(The New York Times)报道,1969年,苏联航天器的碎片击中了西伯利亚海岸附近的一艘日本小船,造成 5 人受伤。据福克斯新闻(Fox News)、ABC新闻(ABC News)等多家媒体报道,1997年,美国俄克拉荷马州的一位居民也曾被火箭的碎片击中过肩膀。不过,大家也不用过于恐慌,毕竟被太空垃圾击中的概率非常非常小,而且世界各国也在积极尝试太空垃圾的清理办法,如英国2018年就开始部署“清除碎片”系统,相信未来我们可以还太空一个干净的环境。

参考文献
[1]https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2024/04/15/nasa-completes-analysis-of-recovered-space-object/[2]https://images.nasa.gov/details/iss064e041512[3]https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Reentry_of_International_Space_Station_ISS_batteries_into_Earth_s_atmosphere[4]https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/About_space_debris[5]https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Space_debris_by_the_numbers[6]https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/04/trash-from-the-international-space-station-may-have-hit-a-house-in-florida/2/[7]https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/space-junk-from-the-international-space-station-may-have-struck-a-home-in/[8]https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/10/a-soyuz-crew-makes-an-emergency-landing-after-rocket-fails/[9]https://www.nytimes.com/1969/07/05/archives/soviet-space-debris-hits-japanese-ship-injuring-5.html[10] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-022-01718[11]https://www.foxnews.com/science/woman-hit-by-space-junk-lives-to-tell-the-tale[12]https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98700&page=1

撰文:冬鸢
审校 :clefable

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